Phylomorphospace of Phylogenetic Principal Components for extant Ceratophrys species in South America. (A) Phylogenetic PCA for Ceratophryidae species to represent the environmental niche differentiation data based on the phylogenetic chronogram. Tip colors indicate (B) Biogeographical region categories based on Hutter et al. (2017): A: Cerrado, B: Temperate, C: Atlantic Forest, D: Amazonia and the Guiana Lowlands province, E: Choco; because none of the species from Ceratophryidae are distributed in the Tropical Andes and Guiana Shield, we excluded those regions from the analyses (Other). (C) Precipitation annual mean (mm) data from BIO12 variable. (D) Temperature seasonality (Standard Deviation × 100) data from BIO4 variable. Species codes: Ceraur = Ceratophrys aurita; Cercal = Ceratophrys calcarata; Cercor = Ceratophrys cornuta; Cercra = Ceratophrys cranwelli; Cerjoa = Ceratophrys joazeirensis; Cerorn = Ceratophrys ornata; Cersto = Ceratophrys stolzmanni; Chapie = Chacophrys pierottii; Lepasp = Lepidobatrachus asper; Leplae = Lepidobatrachus laevis; Leplla = Lepidobatrachus llanensis. Biogeographic events are highlighted with letters (D, yellow) for dispersal event and (V, green) for vicariance events based on the DEC developed in RASP software. Statistic groups assessed by Tukey test in (C) and (D) are represented by letters, whereas species that have significative differences (p < 0.05) among all other species are represented by asterisk (*).