Ancestral Area Reconstruction for extant species of Ceratophryidae in South America. A dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model (DEC) for Ceratophryidae reconstructed with RASP v.4.4. software. The condensed tree is a chronogram based on 10,001 trees derived from genetic data reconstructed by Bayesian inference analysis in BEAST2 for Ceratophryidae. Biogeographical region categories are based on Hutter et al. (2017). The colored circles on internal nodes visualize the marginal probabilities of ancestral area for the corresponding clade of that node. Letters inside each node represents the most probable ancestral area, whereas support values and node number are located on left and right of each node, respectively. Biogeographic events are highlighted for dispersal event (blue) and vicariance events (green) surrounding each node. The geographical distribution of taxa across regions is represented using color coding, with each extant taxon depicted at the tip nodes. Symbology in the map of South America: Estimated time event of speciation are detailed in million years ago (Ma), arrows denote dispersal events, dashed lines indicate vicariance events, a star symbol marks the estimated origin region for Ceratophryidae. Biogeographic information on speciation events per node can be found in Table 2 and Suppl. material 8: appendix S2. Photograph credits are detailed in Suppl. material 10: appendix S4.