Predicted habitat suitability of the northern pika in (starting from top row) the Biei, Shikaribetsu, and Oketo regions for the baseline period (1981–2010), based on (starting from left column) the coarse-resolution model, fine-resolution model using ambient air (downscaled temperature), and fine-resolution model using rock-interstice microclimate. Areas with rocky landforms are depicted by black lines in the microclimate panels. The elevation for each region is shown in the fourth column. The last column shows boxplots comparing the predicted habitat suitability among the settings at the regionwide-scale (left) and within rocky landforms (right). The abbreviations on the x-axis correspond to: C = coarse-resolution model; F-aa = fine-resolution model using ambient air; and F-m = fine-resolution model using rock-interstice microclimate.