Assessment of the relationship of alpha and beta diversity of tree species with the environment across three main Hawaiian Islands. Models estimates showing the effect of mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual air temperature (MAT), and substrate age on alpha diversity of tree native species (A) and alpha diversity of both native and alien species (B). Models estimates showing the effect of precipitation difference (MAP_difference) on beta diversity of native species (C) and beta diversity of both native and alien species (D). The interaction between island age and MAP in the model assessment is shown as, for example, log(MAP):IslandO’ahu and log(abs(MAP_diff)):IslandO’ahu. Circles correspond to the value of model estimates and their uncertainties, i.e., 85% and 95% confidence intervals. Confidence intervals that do not overlap with the vertical dotted line, are considered statistically significant. Estimates comparison using Hawai’i island (i.e., ‘(log(MAP)’ in A, B, E, and F) and Maui Nui complex island (i.e., ‘(log(MAP)’ in C, D, G and H), as reference.